19th Century Rural New England Family Essay Example for Free

19th Century Rural unused England Family Essay19th Century rural New England family was a protrusion of slave- cut across relationship that affected all facets of American socio-cultural life. The narrative of Frederick Douglass describe that interracial relationships mingled with a slave womanhood and male master were universal provided these relationships neer got any social or religious sanctity. Douglass portrayal of his mother clearly indicates the relationship with her master provided no solace to him but rather aggravated her pathos and miseries.It further manifest that such relationships were not based on any mutual warmth but were a manifestation of gratification of their (masters) wicked desires profitable as well as pleasurable. (p. 166) The slave child, work of this relationship, was not entitled to any privileges or rights, socially or legally. So it was quite likely that the children of slave women shall in all cases follow the conditions of their mothers ( p. 167)These slave children were also deprived of maternal affection as it was a common custom, in the part of Maryland, to part children from their mothers at a very early age. Frequently, before the child had reached its twelfth month, its mothers is taken from it, and hired out on some farm a considerable distance off (p. 165) The mother-children relations were cordial but they were not allowed to meet quite often as Douglass himself aphorism his mother five or six times during her lifetime.See moreThe 3 Types of Satire EssayThe relationship never developed as in that location was very little communication between mothers and their children. These children were also kept ignorant of their birthdates and parentage. They were also shorn of basic necessities of life like clothing, lodging and nutrition. Furthermore, these slave-children were subjected to amplified hardship as compared with other slaves because they were a constant offence to their mistress. This also highlights th at 19th century rural family of New England was not solely patriarchal but women had massive influence in the affair of household.For example, Douglass writes, The master is frequently compelled to sell this class of his slaves, out of deference to the feeling of his white wife. (p. 166) Similarly, relationship with other member of his enatic family were used to be harsh and they were used to undergo harsh treatment and whipping by their white brothers quite frequently. There was no intimacy between slave brothers and sisters and their mutual relationship never developed due the absence of a central tie i. e. parentage.On the other hand, it is illustrated that the role of slave woman in the community were limited to heavy toil and labor at plantations, fulfillment of masters lusts and sexual desires whenever needed. Their emotional, psychological and mental health was never taken into consideration. The relations of these slave girls and slave children to the community were totall y utilitarian and totalitarian as they were used as tool to increase the agricultural production and to satisfy the savage desires and habitual formations of the masters respectively.These slaves were regarded as an entity that was included in their (masters) property rights and were sanctioned by socio-legal system. So in the wide social perspective, slaves acted as economic instruments and this subordination was characterized not only by commercial necessities but also by psychological phenomenon i. e. to satisfy the human propensities by subjecting them harsh punishments.

Committing Adultery Essay Example for Free

Committing Adultery EssayA marriage is full of moral morals that should be followed. Kant would have agreed with me that we have moral duties to ones self and others. A marriage is committing moral thoughts, words, and effects to yourself and your match. Kant believed in enshrouding other people the route you wish they would treat you. Never treat other people as if they were merely things. The springula of humanity states that we should treat people as an end and never as a means to an end. In committing fornication, the marriage and the spouse are being used as a means.Marriage should be treated with dignity and not as a thing that can be played with. I hope no one would apply the universal law of categorical imperative to committing adultery. I could not imagine applying the make for of committing adultery to how all others should act. If we did apply the universal law to committing adultery then marriage would be worthless. Basically, do not look at a rule for yourse lf that you wouldnt want everyone else to obey. Kant believes that the only good thing is a good will. Good will equals good intentions. Committing adultery is not a morally good act and Kant would agree with me.Utilitarianism is an action that is dear if it maximizes the overall happiness of all people. In other words, an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone. This is consequentialism. Utilitarianism has rule utilitarianism and act utilitarianism. In rule utilitarianism, a behavioral code or rule is morally right if the consequences of the rule are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone. I believe it is more favorable to your spouse not to cheat than to cheat. I would be similarly more favorable to you not to cheat so the spouse doesnt get upset.Act utilitarianism weighs the consequences of each particular action. There is a list of consequences of the act of committing adultery and none of them are good. T here are moral rules against committing adultery and one of them is lying. In taking the vows in front of God is a form of a promise and breaking that promise is lying to God. John Stuart Mill is a hedonistic utilitarian. Our actions are meant to give happiness not only to ourselves moreover to others as well. Mill made the distinction of happiness between delectations of the mental sort as a higher form than that of bodily pleasures.Mill states, it is bump to be intelligently dissatisfied then foolishly satisfied. The ultimate pain and misery caused by committing adultery is not worth the short term pleasure that it produces. Wikipedia. org states that Utilitarianism of John Stuart Mill is classified as a type of hedonism, as it judges the morality of the actions by their consequent contributions to the greater good and happiness of all. mill believes that there can be different levels of pleasure as long as the act promotes an action which makes everyone happy. Mills would say that committing adultery doesnt append overall happiness.Hedonism is described as pleasure is the highest good and whatever causes pleasure is right. On this note, hedonism would say committing adultery would be right if it is giving the cheating spouse pleasure. Committing adultery is motivated by desire and it can reduce pain by not telling the spouse that you are cheating. Most of the time committing adultery is motivated by sexual desire. My view on committing adultery is closest with Kantianism. Good will equals good intentions. They way I treat my spouse is the way I would want to be treated. I value marriage and I hope my spouse does too.

History And Background Of The Unilever Company

History And Background Of The Unilever CompanyUnilever began with British soap-maker caller-up named Lever Brothers. Their revolutionary action in business was by introducing the Sunlight cleanse in 1890s. That idea was from William Hesketh Lever, lay downer of Lever Brothers. This idea helped the Lever Brothers become the first company that help popularise cleanliness in Victorian England. Moreover, the product speedily emulated sphericly after that it was a success in UK and make Lever Brothers obtained more business worldwide. One of the reasons of this success was the strategy from William that not only order on change the products but also focus on manufacturing them. On the other side, in 1872 Jurgens and Van den Bergh created a company that produces margarine. Since there were many an(prenominal) competitors in the margarine industry in Dutch, in 1920s, Jurgen and Van de Berth decided to strengthen their company by joining another margarine shaper in Bohemia. In 1927, there were three companies including Jurgen and Van de Berth company which formed glycerol trimargarate Unie located in Holland.In 1930, the Lever Bros merged with the Margarine Unie and even though, an international merge was an unusual move at that time, both of the two companies have the same vision that by doing this merge with strong global networks would create new opportunities. Finally, the name of Unilever was created by the merge of the companies. Not too long after Unilever was formed, they got a big problem which was that their raw material companies were reduced from 30% to 40% in the first year. As that problem started to attack, Unilever had to react quickly by building up an efficient system of control. In phratry of 1930, Unilever established the Special Committee that was designed to stabilize British and Dutch operate and concern as an internal cabinet for the organization.Since William Levers death in 1925, it was Frances DArcy make who replaced him to become the chairmen of Lever Brothers. Cooper made some(prenominal) benefits for Unilever, one of his revolutionary action was that he led the various companies that included Unilever into one Anglo-Dutch companies. According to The Netherlands decreed UK site, Anglo-Dutch Companies is the British and the Dutch historically joined forces to form some of the strongest companies in the world, and until now their position is still strong. In 1937, when the correlation between the profit-earning capabilities of the British and Dutch companies found itself overturned, it was Cooper that came to solve the problem by convincing the board of the necessity for restructuring.In the 1930s, Unilever continued to grow their business when they promoted their products in America Latin. To lionise it growing, Unilever adapted a new strategy in 1940s by widening their business beas and create new areas such as particular diet and chemical manufactures. Furthermore, Unilever recognized that there were something more important than widening their areas, it was the relationship between marketing and research that they must focus on. Therefore, Unilever expanded their operation by making association by two important actuations in US, those are Thomas J. Lipton company, manufacture of tea, and the Pepsodent brand of toothpaste in 1944. In 1957 Unilever continued their actions by associating with U.K. rooted(p) food maker birds eye, and in 1961 with U.S. Ice cream novelty maker Good Humor.In the 1980s Unilever made a revolutionary restructuring by selling most of its subsidiary business to concentrate the companys core business. Eventually, foods, toiletries, detergents and special chemicals were the Unilevers core business. This restructuring also helped Unilever to make a collaboration with Chesebrought-Ponds in U.S. in 1986. That collaboration made a big impact to Unilever, their profit margin increased. Furthermore, Unilever bought Chesebrought-Pond in 1987.Nowadays, Unilever be come the worlds most consumed product brand in home care, personal care and food. In 2002, Unilever had a worldwide revenue around 48,760 million. Unilever has two important parenting companies, they are Unilever NV in Rotterdam and Netherland and Unilever PLC in London, UK. However, Unilever still has two major competitors named Nestl and Procter Gamble. Unilever has several worldwide products in foods such as Lipton, Knorr, Blue Band, Ben and Jerry, Walls, and Brooke bond. In home care, they have Surf, Sun, Radiant, Domestos and Skip. In personal care, they have Ponds, Vaseline, Rexona, Lux, Dove, Lifebuoy, Pepsodent, Sunsilk and Axe/Lynx.Social and Environmental issuesBesides Unilevers success, there are also some social and environmental issues that affects Unilever. There are several damages created by Unilever during their processes in manufacturing, supplying, and labouring.Palm oil issues that affected by UnileverUnilever is the company with the worlds largest buyer of pal m oil. They turn the palm oil material to their products like detergents, cosmetics, bio-fuel and soaps. Their actions by cutting down the palm oil of the most area in Kalimantan was slowly destroying habitat of Orang-utan, an endangered species which lived almost everywhere in the rainforest of Kalimantan. This action resulted in the extinction of the Orang-utan species in Kalimantan. An expected of two million body politic of the rainforests in Kalimantan have been cut down annually. This action is also damaging In makesias rainforest, eventually leading to a severe climate change. Unilever created their products to help people in doing their daily life, but in fact they are also destroying other endangered lives. In 2008, Unilever was criticised by Greenpeace UK because of these actions.In November 2009, Unilever announced to cancelled and stop buying palm oil from Indonesian company, PT Smart for environmental reason. In April 2010, Unilever had secured GreenPalm certificates. GreenPalm endorsed By RSPO (Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil), Organization formed by several stakeholders in the palm oil industry, to protect the environmental impact of palm oil and endorse sustainable agriculture. These certificates have function to cover the supplies of its European, Australian and refreshing Zealand businesses.Unilevers Mercury WasteIn 1983, Chesebrough Ponds Ltd, one of U.S. company bought an area near Kodaikanal. They relocated their thermometer-making factory that had been in Watertown, suburb of New York to this area. In 1987, Unilever bought Ponds and the thermometer-making factory in Kodaikanal and became the biggest facility in the world. Then, Hindustan Lever Limited (HLL), the subsidiary of Unilever which operates and located in India, took charge of the factory.Early 2001, there were 7,4 tonnes of mercury-contaminated wastes around Kodaikanal in Tamil Nadu found. Kodaikanal has beautiful lakes, perennially cool weather and rich forests which is wh y it became the most popular tourist destination in South India. after investigating the source of those mercury it was found to be from Hindustan Lever Limited factory. Mercury is a toxic metal that can harm humans liver and brain. Once mercury come into the environment, it go out be changed during natural method into a structure that works its way quickly through the food chain where it can contemplate to hazardously eminent levels. Mercury is the basic material to create thermometers.In March 2001, four hundred people from Factory workers unions and local communities protested and complained about the unsafe waste presidency methods from Hindustan Lever Limited factory. They gave an ultimatum of either closing the factory or remove it from Kodaikanal areas. They also said since the mercury disposal happen in this area, it was destroying the Shola ecosystem of Western Ghats. After that incident, Unilever decided to postpone their thermometer production in Hindustan Lever Limite d factory near Kodaikanal until they find a solution to the problem. However on June 21 2001, the administration of India ordered HLL to close the factory and ship the rest of the mercury waste to the U.S.Unilever Use Child Labour in IndiaIn India, Hindustan Lever Limited (HLL) has occupied for expected number of 25,000 children, mostly girls in cotton seed production. They worked usually between ten and thirteen hours per day and they only got 40 Eurocents per day. Sometime, they are uncovered to toxic pesticides during their work. The reason company prefer employed child than the adult was to save money in waging the labour. Usually, a child only receives 55% less(prenominal) than a man and 30 % less than a woman. One of their labour was Narasamma, 12 years old. She was a migrant who worked in cotton seed line of business for the last three years. She worked more than 12 hours per day with only two breaks. During work, she was regularly sprayed by pesticides and got ill after. However, she only earned Rs. 800 a month.In too soon 2003, many countries in Europe such as Germany, Netherlands and Ireland started do the campaign to stop Child labour. This campaign started from Germany, then to Netherlands and the campaign finished in Ireland. The main message from those campaigns was that school is the best place for children, so stop child labour. In may 2003, Unilever announced that they would solve the child labour problem in India. Unilever told Hindustan Lever Limited to start rejecting the use of child labour.ConclusionUnilever is one of most influential companies in the world by providing products that help people in their daily life and also supporting global economic growth. They improve their strategy to create products time by time until they meet customer requirements. That is why most of their product trustable and convenient to be used. Some survey showed that every houses in the world at least has one of Unilever product. This is showed that Un ilever is very influential in human social life. Perhaps giving value to the brand is the best action that Unilever had done. However, Unilever made some environmental and social issues in their history. Many had protested what Unilever had done in the moment. In fact, Unilever is one of the companies which have been responsible for their actions. Unilever reacted quickly by fixing the problem.

Compare and Contrast Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle

Comp ar and Contrast Cardiac and Skeletal MuscleSomething that differentiates animals from separate organisms is their ability to voluntarily carry out actions using their hefts. They do this by brawniness cells changing length, which is known as contracting. There atomic number 18 three types of brawninessbuilder, which ar distinguished by their structures and functions. These atomic number 18 cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle. Here I shall be comparing the structures of cardiac and skeletal muscle and looking at how their histological, morphologic and functional differences allow them to carry out their specific roles more effectively.Cardiac muscle is found only in the look and causes abbreviations, in the heart called systole, which heart the cable out of the heart and around the body supplying the oxygen and other vital substances to cells. Skeletal muscle is take everywhereed to tendons, which in turn attach to bones. The contractions of skeletal muscles cause the tendons to pull on the bones, which results in movement of, for example, an arm.There is only one similarity between the structures of cardiac and skeletal muscles. Both their structures are striated (striped), formed by actin and myosin myofilaments. They are tightly organised into repeating praxiss so that actin can slide over the myosin during contraction.Figure 1 shows one of those repeating units in cardiac and skeletal muscle, called a sarcomere. For contraction to occur in cardiac and skeletal muscle, the actin filaments slide over the myosin filaments in a process known as the sliding-filament theory. So in figure 1 the thin pink filaments would slide over the dark blue filaments (not true colours). Myosin headmans are attached to the actin. Adenosine tri inorganic phosphate (ATP) induces the dissociation of the myosin head, the myosin head then attaches again to the actin and eventually inorganic phosphate (Pi ) is released changing the angle of the myosin head, caus ing the actin filaments to slide over the myosin filament.1This causes a decrease in length of the I band but the A band always stays the same length.One of the main differences between the two types of muscle is in the way that their contractions are brought approximately. If one wanted to raise their arm, their brain would produce an action emf via the somatic nervous system (SNS). The action potential will lead to a muscle action potential and the T-tubules will depolarize and open calcium ion (Ca2+) channels, leading to cross-bridge cycling, where the actin and myosin slide past each(prenominal) other and cause the skeletal muscle to contract, lifting the bone with it. So the muscle will not contract without the input of the nervous system.Cardiac muscle is overly connected to the nervous system. But as contractions are involuntary, cardiac muscle is connected to the autonomic nervous system (ANS). However, unlike in skeletal muscle, the actual action potentials that stimula te muscle contraction are created by myogenic cells in the heart. Myogenic means that it is the cells themselves that create the electrical action potentials, without the need for any external input. The cells are located in the Sino Atrial boss (SAN), which itself is located by the right atrium the cells in the SAN are known as the pacemaker. They produce a pacemaker potential which sets the frequency of action potentials and thereof the essential rhythm of the normal heart.2The ANS, connected to the SAN, only modulates the heart rate, with the sympathetic nervous system speeding up the heart rate ready for the fight or flight reaction and the parasympathetic nervous system slowing the heart rate down.It is important that the heart is controlled automatically so that we are not conscious of the heart beating, because it would be almost impossible and probably exhausting for us to pick out to consciously think about making every single heart beat, especially when we are asleep. Moreover, because the heart is myogenic, there are benefits for transplants because the heart muscle can continue beating while the heart is being taken to the rising body.Skeletal muscle must be under voluntary control so that every action can be carried out consciously, such as picking up a cup. If it were automatic there would be no conscious control of when the muscles should contract and our limbs would not be under our control. Nevertheless in reflex reactions, the skeletal muscle does come under the control of the ANS. For example, if ones hand was to touch a hot object, the ANS would react following a reflex arc of stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, effector, response the arm would automatically move away from the heat source. Generally, compared to the beating of the heart, there is no such pattern in our voluntary skeletal muscle contractions thus an automatic myogenic rhythm of action potentials are not inquired in skeletal muscles.Looking at a fasciculus from both a cardiac and skeletal muscle shows that they are structured slightly differently. Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2 (see below) show simplified versions of the structure of both muscles. Figure 2.1 shows an example of skeletal muscle. It is made of long thin cylindrical fibres, each being innervated by a single somatic alpha motoneuron. The axon enters the muscle and branches, connecting to single muscle fibres.In cardiac muscle the fibres are linked together by a type of intercalated disc called a gap junction. Also the fibres are held together by adherens junctions. These strengthen the overall structure of the cardiac muscle so the forceful contractions in the heart dont burgeon forth the fibres. The gap junctions are vital for the functioning of the heart. They allow the electrical signals produced from the SAN to pass between muscle cells so they all contract in a synchronized way and the atria followed by the ventricles undergo systole.3The heart has Purki nje fibres that conduct the action potential so that they go from the SAN in the right atrium all the way to the left ventricle. monetary value to cardiac muscle fibres may cause unsynchronised contractions. This irregular and fast contraction of the heart is called fibrillation. If this occurs in somebody, without treatment they are likely to die. It can be treated by a large electric shock delivered across the chest by the use of a defibrillator. This aims to stop and then restart the APs from the SAN and thus for the heart to beat regularly again.Cardiac and skeletal muscle will both react to a single action potential by producing a single twitch response. When the frequency of signals increase, skeletal muscles show summation, where two APs, which occur very close together, will result in one stronger response quite an than two normal responses. Eventually a tetanus can occur and instead of simply undergoing a series of single twitches for each action potential, the muscle re mains in a contracted state for brief periods, which is far more efficient. This tetanus occurs because the refractory period is a lot shorter than the time it takes for a single cycle of contraction and relaxation.In cardiac muscle cells however, the duration of the action potential is a lot longer, due to slowly activating calcium channels and the T-tubules being relatively longer. Because another action potential cannot occur until the response of the previous action potential has been completed, cardiac muscle cannot undergo a tetanus. This is extremely important for cardiac muscle because time is need for the heart to sufficiently fill up with blood before the next action potential arrives. A tetanus would prevent this happening and the heart would undergo systole and relaxation (diastole) at times when there is very little or no blood in the heart. Again, fibrillation is likely to occur. Due to the fact that cardiac muscle relaxes fully between contractions, it doesnt tire l ike skeletal muscle does. This is a benefit for cardiac muscle because if ones heart started to tire one would get angina and some areas of cardiac muscle may start to die.Due to the heart being eternally active, a lot more ATP is needed in cardiac muscle cells than in skeletal muscle cells, which only contract when required to. then cardiac muscle has a larger number of mitochondria than skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle undergoes constant oxidative phosphorylation to provide the ATP required for the actin to slide over myosin and thus for the muscle to contract. This means the cardiac muscle also requires its own supply of oxygen and respiratory substrates to respire aerobically. These are supplied via coronary arteries, which branch gain from the ascending aorta. Having this supply and consequently producing a lot more ATP, is very effective for contractions. Skeletal muscle though, does not have as many mitochondria because it contracts relatively less frequently and does not n eed the constant supply of ATP.Relatively there is a huge difference in the length of a cardiac muscle fibre and a skeletal muscle fibre. Each cardiac fibre is up to 100m whereas each skeletal fibre is between a few mm to a 10cm4. A muscle fibre is also known as a muscle cell. Most cells, including cardiac muscle fibres (cells), have one nucleus. Skeletal muscle fibres have many nuclei along the fibre (figure 2.1).This can be explained by looking again at the lengths of each type of fibre. Each skeletal muscle fibre is at least ten times the length of a cardiac muscle fibre. It would not be very effective for skeletal muscle to have just one nucleus to supply the whole length of the cell. The rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is positioned in the cell come on the nucleus, has ribosomes on its surface where polypeptides are compiled. Therefore even if the nucleus was positioned in the middle of the cell, any polypeptides or proteins will be synthesised near there and would require ATP to transport it to where it is needed along the length of the cell. As a result, it is far more effective to have many nuclei scattered along the muscle fibre. Cardiac myocytes (muscle cells) are relatively a lot shorter, thus one nucleus is enough to provide for the whole fibre (see figure 2.2).Aerobic respiration is vital in cardiac muscle. It is the main source of ATP in cardiac muscle and is as a result of oxidative phosphorylation. The main respiratory substrates in cardiac muscle are fatty acids5, and also carbohydrates. Approximately 1 2% of the ATP in the heart originates from anaerobic respiration in basal metabolic conditions. This can go up to around 9% in hypoxic conditions, but in any more extreme hypoxic circumstances not enough oxidative phosphorylation occurs so theres not enough ATP produced for cardiac contractions, and the cardiac muscle will begin to die.Skeletal muscles have three sources of phosphate to make ATP as and when it is required creatine phosph ate, glycogen and cellular respiration. The creatine phosphate gives its phosphate to an ADP to leave ATP and creatine. There is about 10 times the amount of creatine phosphate than there is of ATP, so this is provides a good source of ATP. Skeletal muscle only contains about 1% glycogen. It can though undergo glycogenolysis to convert glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate. This goes on to yield just two molecules of ATP, so evidently this is a limited source. Cellular respiration is the main source of ATP during lengthy exercise and when converting lactic acid to glycogen.6There are many differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle. Both have striations but beyond that, they have special unique features that make their functions more effective. The heart is myogenic making it self-sufficient whereas skeletal muscle is controlled by the nervous system. It is also vital that the hearts cardiac muscle works without any problems, as even the slightest of problems in the heart can lead to death. Both types of muscle are important to not only humans but all animals. Cardiac muscle, as previously mentioned, is vital to our existence without it we could not survive as it is needed to circulate oxygen and nutrients around the body. Skeletal muscle allows us to interact with our environment with ease and for humans this is most important as it lets us choose a car, use a computer or walk to university for example. For other animals it allows them to chase prey or run from a predator. And if the muscles werent as effective, there may be less ease when carrying out such activities.Literature citedGillian Pocock, Christopher D. Richards (2006). Human Physiology The Basis of Medicine. Oxford Core texts. Pages 84 85, Page 87 figure 7.6http//www.ucl.ac.uk/sjjgsca/MuscleCardiac.htmlJos Marn-Garca Michael J Goldenthal (2002) The Mitochondrial Organelle and the Heart, Rev Esp Cardiol, Volume 55, Issue 12, pp. 1293 1310, ISSN 1579-2242http//users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/ BiologyPages/M/Muscles.html

Greece: Birthplace of Western Civilization

Greece Birthplace of westbound CivilizationGreece was known as the Birthplace of Western Civilization (Aquino Badilles, 2006, p.80) because its culture became the epitome for the come through western subtletys. The tale of the past classic civilization is a painful history of foreign supremacy. But their civilization was built on solid arse and led by efficient leaders that created values and customs that are still being practiced and observed by modern societies. It is for this reason that the Greek civilization flourished, remembered, celebrated and accepted by the whole world.One factor that can be considered as an integral part of the development of Greek civilization is its geography. The geography of Greece had an overwhelming impact on its political, cultural, economic and social growth. The geographical holds of ancient Greece contributed to its payoff and disadvantage.Ancient Greece can be found at the tend of Balcan peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is surrounde d by three seas in the south is the Mediterranean sea Ionian Sea in the west and the Aegean Sea in the east. The Corint Gulf connects the separate region of the Peloponnesus, which is the southern tip of Greece, and Africa (Willis, 1985). The Greek mainland is a peninsula which extends into the Mediterranean Sea. The core of ancient Greece is consisted of mountainous and rugged lands. The Pindus Mountain, which is 8700 feet high, runs down the eye of the Balkan Peninsula and is considered as the dominant range (Burns, 1958). Greece is a strategic location for empire building because it served as the crossroads between Africa, Asia and Europe.Three geographical features that affected Greece the most(prenominal) included the climate, the mountains and the seas. Ancient Greeces climate is temperate, making it comfortable to the people to be outside of their homes almost every year. This allowed them to engage in outdoor life deep down their city-states. They were able to interact w ith each other which enabled them to organize outdoor activities such as athletic competitions, public gatherings, entertainment and art shows, and meetings, which facilitate to the development of a rich and distinct Greek culture.The second geographical feature is the mountains. Greece is a mountainous society. Almost 70 to 80 percent of Greece is covered and dominated with mountains (Aquino Badilles, 2006). The advantage of the mountains is that they contributed to the preservation of the purity of Greek culture. Because of the mountains, inhabitants of ancient Greek civilization were secluded to their area resulting to rare interactions with other cultures. One bad effect of this geographical feature is that it served as a natural barrier which acted like walls separating different communities. It hindered communication among communities and slowed down the introduction of new ideas and technology. It withal obstructed the development of a co-ordinated system of government. T he Greeks ingenious solution to this problem is to developed the polis or the city-state. The creation of the city-states indicates the start of Greeks classical age because the emergence of the polis started the numerous great achievements of the civilization (Willis, 1985). It to a fault proved that democratic government works better in smaller states (Willis, 1985). Every polis has its own government and laws and it helped promote peoples participation in political affairs. It also provided protection and security to the inhabitants. Because states are smaller, the demands and needs of the people were easily reflected in the laws and policies that the government established. Another disadvantage of this geographical feature is that only few lands were dedicate to farming. Few small valleys and plains of ancient Greece provided farm land for the people. Adding to the disadvantage is the the rocky lands and poor soil which are not suitable for the domestication of plants. Although they experienced such disadvantages in farming, they still tried to cultivate olives and grapes. They also domesticated sheeps and cattles as an alternative to farming. The development of the polis also helped in their dilemma because it allowed them to supply enough nutrient for the smaller population.The last and probably the most important geographical feature is the sea. Having been surrounded by three major bodies of water served as an advantage because it allowed proterozoic Greeks to travel and trade. The nearness of Greece to major trade routes allowed the prosperity in mari meter commerce (Aquino Badilles, 2006). The sea also made the people became fishers, sailors and merchants. They excelled in ship buildings and voyaging because of their experience about seas around them. In the Greco-Persian wars, the Greeks used the seas to their advantage. They build smaller more efficient ships to pass through narrow routes and they exhibited their skills as naval armies. Also, the seas allowed the Greeks to depend heavy on trade. The Greeks get what they could not grow through trading. The exchanged olive oil, wine, wool and pottery with grains and other natural resources, which had a limit supply during that time . Because of their proximity to the seas, fish became the Greeks staple food. Moreover, trade encouraged cultural diffusion. It enabled the exchange of ideas with other culture and the spread of Hellenistic culture. It also encouraged them to have get on knowledge about different existing civilizations at that time.To sum it all up, the mountains of Greece limited the civilizations agricultural progress and political unity. But, instead of being a disadvantage, the limitations provided ancient Greece with a stronger and well-developed communities. Adding to that are the seas that connect Greece with each other and the whole world. The seas provided Greeks with wider perspectives about other cultures and encouraged them to find ways on how to properly utilize their limited resources. It just affirms that geography, in one way or another, shaped and affected the ancient Greek civilization.ReferencesAquino, G. Badilles, D. (2006). Social studies in perspective III. Makati City, Philippines Diwa Scholastic Press Inc.Burns, E. M. (1958). Western civilization. New York W. W. Norton and Co. Inc.McNeil, W. H. (1999). A world history 4th edition. New York Oxford University Press.Willis, F. R. (1985). Western civilization. USA D. C. Health and Company.

Hackers and the Internet :: Cyberspace Essays

Hackers and the Internet Internet Security covers a broad list of topics. I have chosen to cover hackers and their history. I will go through who hackers are and how we define hackers. I will also cover the history of how hackers got started. This was a very interesting topic and may surprise a lot of people who have had misconceptions of what hackers do due to how the are covered by the media.In the 1960s at MIT a crowd of curious students, members of the Tech Model Railroad Club, decided to hack into the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab. At this time hackers were encouraged to explore and were not considered malicious standardised the hackers the media portrays today. These groups of students were allowed access to the MIT AI Lab by the labs director Marvin Minsky. In the 1970s a trend started with phone hacking. Phreaks exploit phone systems to sack up let go of long distance calls. One famous phreak is John Draper, also known as Captain Crunch, made long distance call s for free by blowing a certain tone in a telephone. This tone opened a line on the phone system and he was fit to make long distance calls for free. Two names that everyone is familiar with are Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak these two gentlemen founded Apple Computer. However, what a lot of people did not know is that they were members of home brew Computer Club. While being members of this club they began making blue boxes, which are devices used to help phreaks access phone systems. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak had handles that they were known by and they were Berkley Blue and oak tree Toebark.By the late 1980s figurer hacking had grown so much that a magazine was formed called 2600 The Hacker Quarterly. This magazine shares tips on phone and computer hacking. The government responds to this growth by passing the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and forming the Computer Emergency Response Team. This gives the government more authority in tracking wily hackers. This about the s ame time that the Media did a lot of coverage on Kevin Mitnik, a well known computer hacker who was convicted of stealing software and was sentenced to one year in prison. By the 1990 the instances were computers were hacked grew exponentially.

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NotesInterpersonal communication occurs within interpersonal relationships. Interpersonal relationship is the association of two people who ar interdependent, they use consistent patterns of interaction, and who have interacted for a descended amount of time. There are two important interpersonal relationships, inclusion and control they both include involving others in the conversation. The difference is control is the ability to influence others, and inclusion is becoming involved with others (need for affection, or holding fond or tender feelings toward someone.) pg. 170 There is in addition symmetrical relationships with people mirror each other or are similar. There is a dark side to interpersonal relationships. Some may get word that interpersonal relationships faeces be painful and negative. This includes obsession, fatal attraction, and jealousy. These can often cause abuse, sexual, physical, mental, and emotional. Also negative relationships include gossip, conflict, and codependency with can create harmful results to the relationship. relative development is the process by which relationships grow. (important). There are five stages to interpersonal relationships Initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integration, and bonding. Initiating is the beginning period of interaction. Experimenting is when two people have a clear judgment to find out more about each other. Intensifying involves active participation, mutual concern, and awareness of the developing relationship. Integrating is when people in the relationship pour down to mirror each others behavior. Bonding is the final stage when they commit to each other. Relational maintenance is very important because of the strategies that keep the relationship together. Massage characteristics can have many different meanings. Hurtful messages are messages that create emotional pain or upset, they can end the relationship. Deceptive communication is the practice of advisedly making someone belie ve things that are not true.